Discuss and assess the potential for multiplied penalties for Assignment

Discuss and assess the potential for multiplied penalties for egregious violations. Your response should be approximately 200-300 words and include a reference citation for your sources - Assignment Example Some companies are crying foul because according to them it was practically issuing multiple citations and penalties for the same violation (MacArthur, 1995). Furthermore, since the OSHA provision is for prevention of the same hazards from occurring again, it is improper to multiply the penalties by the number of employees harmed by a violation. There is no need to multiply the penalty because the same hazard can be remedied with the â€Å"identical abatement method† (MacArthur, 1995). If OSHA is allowed to execute these multiplied penalties, they might go overboard and start issuing penalties on a per day or per hour basis on every violation made. This is definitely unreasonable and unacceptable to employers. OSHA should view the matter in the proper perspective focusing on the fact that if the hazard can be corrected just once, then there is no need for multiplied penalties. However, if different hazards represent different violations, then the penalties should be multiplied because it cannot be corrected by a single action. MacArthur, M. (1995, December 1). Commision clarifies OSHAs "egregious violations" policy. Retrieved June 27, 2012, from pffc-online.com: http://pffc-online.com/ar/2049-paper-commission-clarifies-oshas Stanley, J. (2010, September). OSHA issuing more egregious violations, but they may not hold up. Retrieved June 27, 2012, from fdrsafety.com:

Truth is bitter but better Essay Example for Free

Truth is bitter but better Essay Truth is the only weapon which can make a person win a battle. It is a pen that can write anything without anyones terror; it is a game in which who follows its one golden rule can never lose it; it is a tree that never loses its leaves; it is a river that cannot get filthy and dry in any season. Overall it can create heaven or else if not followed properly can ruin the whole world. It is said that to hide one lie we have to speak hundred more lies and thats true. A lie spoken intentionally means we need to speak several more lies to cover up that lie. And then also the truth comes out itself automatically. Everything has two sides, positive as well as negative. A coin has positive side of triumph and negative side of disaster also. If a person wins then he may also lose someday. If happiness is there then sadness is obvious. If a tree bear leaves then it also shed them. If one can stand then one can also fall. Taken as a whole, one can get to face anything in this whole world. Gandhiji said: Lying is the mother of violence. And it is true. In our daily life, as an instance, we meet our relatives and if they hide anything from us by telling anything which is not true and later we come to know then we turn violent and more aggressive. It leads to disrespect to the person. Truth was the only mother, father, son, daughter of the most widely known leader of the world- Gandhiji. He believed in truthfulness and he promoted its principle. And also it was obvious that for this single reason he was known worldwide. With this extraordinary weapon, he threw out the brutal and atrocious Britishers out of our country. He believed in the principle of Satyagraha which proved to be the most influential and imperative movement of the period. Gandhiji said:- I have nothing new to teach the world. Truth and non- violence are as old as the hills. And this is true as truth and lie are not the new concepts that the world has. It is as old as even more then hills and mountains. No one can teach the world the art of speaking truth and plus of the lies. They come out from within our heart. According to me, Nelson Mandela can also undertaken as a person who followed truth and won the whole world the price of peace, equality and oneness. He being a black became the president of ANC (African National Congress) and  also he won the Nobel Prize for his greatest achievement. He promoted equality among all the people on his principle that everyone is equal in the eyes of God. He was true in his outline as everyone is equal and equality in itself is also a truth. Also an example from our daily life, we are becoming more scientific these days but there are many people who still believe in superstitions. There are many misleading people who in the name of God hypnotize people in such a way that neither anyone comes to know about such thing nor the hypnotized is able to tell. But this is a bitter truth that those who follow anyone blindly have to face problems later in life. Even the person doing such illegal and superfluous acts are always caught and they can’t make fool of people for long. A recent example is of the person who was called as guruji in Punjab- Sarasa. He was popularly known all around the world. He had separated salokas which had very less verses praising God and more of praising himself. But the problem was that whatever he was doing was wrong, whatever he was saying was lie, whatever acts he was committing were illegal! And surprisingly a member from his own crew told the media that something was wrong going on at his place. Shockingly he used not to allow any of his disciple to talk to anyone because if they would do so then by chance if anyone else would hear it, then his acts would be held naked in the world and now this has happened, his popularity is decreasing also he is being disliked by the people now. This has not been the case in the present world but also during satyug (according to Hindu mythology) when Lord Rama were existing. He killed Ravana and placed truth over evil. He was cruel and so he did not win this battle of truth and evilness in spite of being so knowledgeable. This shows that truth wins and lies or evil faces disaster and fails. But this is a fact that this yug is kalyug and in this yug is lies or evilness is given the same importance as it is given to truth. They are considered one and the same. For example in the case of Jessica Lal, it was first being kept aside and with false statements it was tried to conclude. False statements and evil methods were adopted to sole this matter quickly and quietly. But unfortunately this could not happen. Truth may be kept behind for years and years but one day itself it would come up and the liar will have to face problem for his mistake. At last I would like to conclude that whatever be the case whether this or that we must not leave the path of truthfulness as this is the only way that would  lead us to place which is as beautiful as heaven and the other way would lead us to a place like hell. It depends on us which way we opt. Finally by analysis of the history and of the present world we come to know that we cannot hide truth for long and cannot follow fakeness for long. Thus, truths always triumph! Satya Meva Jayati! As we say that slow and steady wins the race we can say that Truthful and honest wins the race.

Gun Use Must Be Strictly Regulated Essay examples -- Gun Control, Pers

Human life is priceless and cannot be exchanged. With logic, one can conclude that any action taken to steal a human’s life must be forced out of the community that we live in. Drugs, guns, and alcohol are all detrimental to human beings. Among them all, however, guns are known to have the most direct impact on human lives. Many murders have been made, many threats, and suicides. Many cases have been able to take place because of guns. Therefore, gun control must definitely take place in the society that we live in today. Then, why do some people desire the country to require everyone to have a gun in their homes? Why is it that they want the guns to lie around as if they were nothing dangerous? First, because they believe guns will reduce the crime rate; second, because the people who use the guns are the ones who kill, not the guns; and third, because guns are necessary to play a popular sport. All these three reasons to oppose gun control can be argued against. On the other hand, gun control is absolutely necessary because first, the only function of a gun is to kill, second, g...

Gulliver’s Travel Satire

Gulliver's Travels is written from the perspective of a shipboard doctor named Lemuel Gulliver, and tells of four of his journeys into remote parts of the world. At the time Jonathan Swift wrote (1726), the increase in exploration of all parts of the globe had made stories of travels quite popular; the travels Swift wrote of, though, were fictional and satirical, even though presented as if a factual account written by Gulliver himself. A Voyage to Lilliput: Mocking the Pompous Gulliver's first voyage takes him to a land inhabited by people who are six inches tall.Lilliput and its rival kingdom of Blefuscu carry on as if their affairs were just as vital as those of European nations, and their nations just as capable, despite the fact that Gulliver could step on them all if he wished. As he records their society, court intrigues, religious disputes, and wars, it becomes clear that European politicians and aristocrats share much of the ridiculousness of the Lilliputians. When Gulliver is finally forced to leave Lilliput, it is because of trumped-up charges of treason fabricated by court enemies.He spends a short time in Blefuscu, but because Lilliput threatens war over his presence there, he resolves to leave rather than cause further trouble. When Gulliver journeys to a land of giants called Brobdingnag he experiences what it feels like to be a Lilliputian, as the giants are as much larger than him as he is larger than a Lilliputian. Gulliver's various brushes with death are humorous, but Swift also uses them to reinforce a major focus of this section: just as Lilliputian affairs are ridiculous because of their smallness, human pretensions are ridiculous as well.Swift's second major target for satire appears when Gulliver tries to show the Brobdingnagian king the greatness of England; he succeeds only in showing its corruption. While English civilization is more complex and more technologically advanced than Brobdingnag, a large portion of the technology is devo ted to war and destruction, and much of the complexity of law and government is an opportunity for massive corruption. Swift's satire has expanded in this section to cover the entire nation, and other European nations as well. A Voyage to Laputa: Pretensions to KnowledgeGulliver's third voyage, â€Å"to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdrib, and Japan,† is divided into four main sections (his visit to Japan at the end is brief). Each stop on Gulliver's trip mocks mankind's claims to knowledge and understanding in some way. Laputa, as an island of absent-minded thinkers floating in the air, gives a good picture of a people with impressive thoughts, but no good connection to reality. When Gulliver leaves for the land of Balnibarbi below and enters the city of Lagado, the satire turns much harsher.Swift portrays there a group of men who, after spending some time in Laputa, attempted to apply their pet theories to the improvement of the country. But their ridiculous schemes have ruined it, because the theories took no account of reality. Still, most people follow their schemes, for they are after all new, modern, and scientific. Glubbdubdrib is a land where magicians can temporarily bring the dead back to earth, allowing Gulliver to speak to various famous historical figures. He discovers, though, that much of the history he has read is inaccurate, through either the ignorance or bias of the historians.Swift also takes this opportunity to speak again of the frequent evil of even honored men such as religious leaders and aristocrats. In Luggnagg, Gulliver himself comes in for mockery. Upon hearing of the existence of immortals in the land, he begins to imagine the greatness of their lives, and sketches out the life of learning and leadership he would live were he to be immortal. His host then informs him of one thing he has failed to understand — the immortals do not have eternal youth — a fact that overthrows his whole grand scheme.A Voya ge to the Country of the Houyhnhnms: Human Beastliness Gulliver's final voyage is to a land of intelligent horses called Houyhnhnms, and beastly human-like creatures called Yahoos. In his depiction of the Yahoos, and the parallels he draws between their brutish behavior and that of humans, Swift expands his satire to the evils of the entire human race. The perfectly rational and virtuous Houyhnhnms provide sharp contrast to this, leading Gulliver to eventually become so ashamed of his humanity he almost begins to act like a horse.Despite Gulliver's eventual elimination of some of his bad tendencies through imitation of the Houyhnhnms, he is eventually exiled on the argument that his combination of greater intelligence than Yahoos and lesser virtue than Houyhnhnms makes him dangerous. The end of the story presents Gulliver's dilemma: he is now horrified by his fellow humans, yet his behavior in talking to horses and refusing to eat with his family is enough to make the reader wonder if he is insane.Gulliver's dilemma is also humanity's. Developing greater virtue can lead to hating humanity's corrupt nature, but trying to escape one's own human nature because of its corruption is insanity. So throughout Gulliver's Travels, Swift repeatedly satirizes human corruption and inadequacy from a variety of angles. The four adventures progressively increase the scope and forcefulness of these attacks, leading to the thematic climax that ties off the plot.

Past Year Paper

CONFIDENTIAL BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE COURSE CODE EXAMINATION TIME FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENT300/ETR300 SEPTEMBER 2011 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. This question paper consists of four (4) parts : PART A (20 Questions) PART B (20 Questions) PART C (5 Questions) PART D (2 Questions) 2. Answer ALL questions from PART A, B, four (4) questions from PART C, and one (1) question from PART D. i) ii) iii) Answer PART A in the True/False Answer Sheet, Answer PART B in the Objective Answer Sheet.Answer PART C and PART D in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. 3. Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of: i) ii) iii) iv) the Question Paper an Answer Booklet – provided by the Faculty a True/False Answer Sheet – provided by the Faculty an Objective Answer Sheet – provide d by the Faculty 4. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO This examination paper consists of 10 printed pages Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 2 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PART A 1. An entrepreneur is described as a person who acts as agent in transforming demand into supply. The statement, â€Å"A entrepreneur is an individual who actively forms or leads his own business and nurtures it for growth and prosperity†, refers to the functional definition of an entrepreneur. In Malaysia, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contribute about 90% of the total value added in the manufacturing sector.The franchisee is a company which sells the right to another party to operate the franchise business. In a franchise system, the advertising and promotional contribution is a one-off payment made by the franchisee to purchase the right to operate the franchise In Malaysia, the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are commonly registered as sole propri etorship businesses. The affairs of all business entities in Malaysia are governed by the Memorandum and Article of Association.In a partnership business, when there is no written agreement, termination of any partner must be agreed by all partners Under the Industrial Coordination Act (ICA) 1975, every manufacturing company is required to obtain a manufacturing license from Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA). Preparation of a business plan is a process that involves the identification, analysis and selection of viable business ideas. The executive summary is part of the main body of the business plan. A well prepared operations plan will help the entrepreneur to evaluate market acceptance of the product or service.A â€Å"process chart† refers to a diagram showing the arrangement of machines, equipment, workers and other facilities used in the operations Compilation of geographic, demographic and psychographic factors is a process of market segmentation. The t erm â€Å"target market† refers to the group of customers with needs and wants that can be satisfied by the business through the supply of goods or services. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. It is not mandatory for employers to contribute to the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) as long they have contributed to the Social Security Organisation (SOCSO). Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL 16. CONFIDENTIAL 3 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 17. The nature of industry is normally described in the organization aspect of the business plan. One of the main reasons for preparing a cash flow statement is to determine the expected profit for the planned period. Deposits and pre-operating expenses are examples of expenditure that are required to start a new business. The main objective of Bumiputera Entrepreneurs Retail Project Fund (PROSPER) is to enhance and upgrade Bumiputera entrepreneurs' participation in the retail business. 20 marks) 18. 19. 20.  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 4 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PARTB 1. Which of the following activities is related to entrepreneurship? A. B. C. D. E. Creation of something new of value Creation of wealth Production of products and services Expansion of business entities All of the above 2. Who described an entrepreneur as a knowledgeable individual and is instrumental in the development of a city-state where enterprise will emerge? B. C. D. E. F. Joseph Schumpeter Adam Smith David McClelland Carl Menger Ibnu Khaldun . Which of the following statements best describes an entrepreneur who has internal locus of control? A. B. C. D. E. He believes that success or failure is determined by his own effort. He believes in himself. He does not belief that success or failure of his venture is determined by fate or luck. He desires to take personal responsibilities. He examines the situation and determine how to increase the chance of winning a business situation 4. The stat ement, â€Å"a successful entrepreneur places the highest priority on getting a job completed†, is associated with: A. B.C. D. E. Commitment to work contract Concern for high quality of work Efficiency orientation Systematic planning Problem solving 5. Which of the following phases of creativity process involves discovery of the idea or solutions to the problems? A. B. C. D. E. Background or knowledge accumulation Incubation process Idea experience Evaluation and implementation None of the above  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 5 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 6. Which of the following is a source of innovation within the company or industry? A. B. C. D. E.Demographic change Incongruities New knowledge Change in consumer preference None of the above 7. Which of the following statements is TRUE about a partnership business? A. B. C. D. A partnership business is incorporated under the Companies Act 1965. A partnership business is incorporated under the Partnership Act 1961. A partnership business is incorporated under the Business Registration Act 1956. A partnership is a legal entity and its identity is separate from the identity of its members. E. The life span of a partnership business is not dependent upon the death or resignation of its members. . Which of the following statements about a private limited company is NOT TRUE? A. A private limited company can take legal action and face legal action under its own name. B. The life span of a private limited company depends upon the death or resignation of its members. C. The liabilities of the members in a private limited company are limited to the total shares contributed to the company's capital. D. A private limited company must have at least two members who are of Malaysian Nationalities. E. The company's shares cannot be transacted through the share market. 9.Which of the following statements is TRUE about a franchise business? A. A franchise is a product and/or service distribution system governed by a contract made between two parties i. e. the franchisor and the franchisee B. A product/trade name franchise is a system where the franchisee acquires sales right which includes the trade name, trademark, and/or products from the franchisor upon the signing of the dealership contract. C. A business format franchise is a system where the franchisee is granted the right to manufacture and market the franchisor's product and/or services using a complete franchisor's business â€Å"set-up†.D. The franchisee is a person who purchases the right from the franchisee to operate the franchise. E. All of the above are true. 10. Which of the entrepreneurs? A. B. C. D. E. following ministries/agencies provides financial assistance for Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA) Malaysian External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE) Malaysian Entrepreneurship Development Centre (MEDEC) Perbadanan Usahawan Nasional Berhad (PUNB). Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) CONFIDENTIAL  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL 6 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 1. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? A. Construction of buildings can only be undertaken with the written approval from Local Authority. B. In setting up a manufacturing business, a planning permission from Local Authority is needed. C. All business licences related to factory premises, advertising signage, storage and canteen must be obtained from Local Authority. D. The environmental control and approval are under the responsibility of Local Authority. E. All of the above are not true. 12. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about a business plan? A.A business plan is a written document that describes the proposed business or project in a comprehensive manner. B. A business plan can be used as a basis for determining the viability of the new business. C. A business plan can be used as a communication tool to convince potential investor s of the viability of the new venture. D. A business plan enables the entrepreneur to distribute business resources more effectively. E. A business plan enables the entrepreneur to evaluate and select a viable business idea. 13. Readers of a business plan include: I. II. III. IV. A. B. C. D. E.Employees Investors Suppliers Registrar of Companies II only II and III only I, II and III only I, II, and IV only All of the above 14. Which of the following is an objective of preparing a marketing plan? A. B. C. D. E. To evaluate market acceptance To develop marketing strategies for products or services offered by the business. To identify required resources to execute the marketing strategy. To estimate financial requirements for the marketing activities. All of the above are objectives of preparing a marketing plan.  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 7 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 5. The following factors should be considered when determining distribution stra tegy, EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E. Type of product Target market Market share Market coverage. Product standardization 16. Which of the following information should be included in the â€Å"organization† aspect of the business plan? A. Background of the registered owners of the business including their relevant qualifications, skills, experiences, role in business and stake or share in the business. B. Mission statements which describe how entrepreneurs will achieve their purposes in the environments in which they conduct business.C. Nature of the industry, including economic trends, important legal or regulatory issues, and potential risks. D. Product characteristics, distribution, promotion, and pricing strategies. E. Amount of funds needed to run the business, amount available, and amount requested from new sources. 17. Which of the following factors should be considered when choosing suppliers for raw materials? A. B. C. D. E. Quality of the materials supplied Price and discoun t offered Payment and delivery terms Time between orders and delivery All of the above factors should be considered 18.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about a process chart? A. Symbols used in the process chart can also be used in a Job Activity Chart of a worker. B. Process Chart will show the sequence of activities required to produce the product or services. C. In a process chart, â€Å"delay† means the process is delayed because the materials-inprocess are waiting for the next activity. D. The symbol † V † indicates the movement of materials or goods from one place to another. E. The first step in preparing a process chart is to identify all the activities involved to manufacture the product or deliver the services. Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 8 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 19. Which of the following statement is TRUE? A. Sources of finance refers to the sources where funds to finance a particular project implementa tion costs can be obtained. B. Internal sources of finance mainly come in the form of cash contributions or other assets from the entrepreneurs. C. External sources of finance are mainly derived from commercial banks, finance companies and government agencies. D. External sources of finance may come in the form of term loans, hire purchase or grants. E. All of the above are true. 0. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Pro forma income statement refers to the projected statement of cash inflow and outflow throughout the planned period. B. Pro forma income statement shows the expected profit or loss for the planned period. C. Pro forma income statement shows the financial position of the business at a specific point in time in terms of assets owned and how those assets are financed. D. Pro forma income statement shows the beginning and ending cash balances for a particular period. E. All of the above are true. (40 marks)  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARACONFIDENTIAL C ONFIDENTIAL 9 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PARTC QUESTION 1 Briefly explain five (5) of the personal entrepreneurial competencies (PEC) associated with successful entrepreneurs. (5 marks) QUESTION 2 What are the criteria used to evaluate and select viable entrepreneurial opportunities? (5 marks) QUESTION 3 What are the factors that you need to consider when choosing a location for your business? (5 marks) QUESTION 4 In preparing the organization plan, it is important include the organization structure of the business organization. Briefly explain the various types of organizational structure. 5 marks) QUESTION 5 Briefly discuss the importance of preparing financial plan. (5 marks)  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 10 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PARTD QUESTION 1 Define the term â€Å"entrepreneurial motivation†. Discuss, with examples, five (5) common characteristics of achievement-oriented entrepreneurs. (20 marks) QUESTION 2 Explain the importance of materials requirement planning. Describe the steps involved in materials requirement planning process. (20 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL Past Year Paper CONFIDENTIAL BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE COURSE CODE EXAMINATION TIME FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENT300/ETR300 SEPTEMBER 2011 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. This question paper consists of four (4) parts : PART A (20 Questions) PART B (20 Questions) PART C (5 Questions) PART D (2 Questions) 2. Answer ALL questions from PART A, B, four (4) questions from PART C, and one (1) question from PART D. i) ii) iii) Answer PART A in the True/False Answer Sheet, Answer PART B in the Objective Answer Sheet.Answer PART C and PART D in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. 3. Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of: i) ii) iii) iv) the Question Paper an Answer Booklet – provided by the Faculty a True/False Answer Sheet – provided by the Faculty an Objective Answer Sheet – provide d by the Faculty 4. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO This examination paper consists of 10 printed pages Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 2 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PART A 1. An entrepreneur is described as a person who acts as agent in transforming demand into supply. The statement, â€Å"A entrepreneur is an individual who actively forms or leads his own business and nurtures it for growth and prosperity†, refers to the functional definition of an entrepreneur. In Malaysia, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contribute about 90% of the total value added in the manufacturing sector.The franchisee is a company which sells the right to another party to operate the franchise business. In a franchise system, the advertising and promotional contribution is a one-off payment made by the franchisee to purchase the right to operate the franchise In Malaysia, the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are commonly registered as sole propri etorship businesses. The affairs of all business entities in Malaysia are governed by the Memorandum and Article of Association.In a partnership business, when there is no written agreement, termination of any partner must be agreed by all partners Under the Industrial Coordination Act (ICA) 1975, every manufacturing company is required to obtain a manufacturing license from Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA). Preparation of a business plan is a process that involves the identification, analysis and selection of viable business ideas. The executive summary is part of the main body of the business plan. A well prepared operations plan will help the entrepreneur to evaluate market acceptance of the product or service.A â€Å"process chart† refers to a diagram showing the arrangement of machines, equipment, workers and other facilities used in the operations Compilation of geographic, demographic and psychographic factors is a process of market segmentation. The t erm â€Å"target market† refers to the group of customers with needs and wants that can be satisfied by the business through the supply of goods or services. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. It is not mandatory for employers to contribute to the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) as long they have contributed to the Social Security Organisation (SOCSO). Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL 16. CONFIDENTIAL 3 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 17. The nature of industry is normally described in the organization aspect of the business plan. One of the main reasons for preparing a cash flow statement is to determine the expected profit for the planned period. Deposits and pre-operating expenses are examples of expenditure that are required to start a new business. The main objective of Bumiputera Entrepreneurs Retail Project Fund (PROSPER) is to enhance and upgrade Bumiputera entrepreneurs' participation in the retail business. 20 marks) 18. 19. 20.  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 4 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PARTB 1. Which of the following activities is related to entrepreneurship? A. B. C. D. E. Creation of something new of value Creation of wealth Production of products and services Expansion of business entities All of the above 2. Who described an entrepreneur as a knowledgeable individual and is instrumental in the development of a city-state where enterprise will emerge? B. C. D. E. F. Joseph Schumpeter Adam Smith David McClelland Carl Menger Ibnu Khaldun . Which of the following statements best describes an entrepreneur who has internal locus of control? A. B. C. D. E. He believes that success or failure is determined by his own effort. He believes in himself. He does not belief that success or failure of his venture is determined by fate or luck. He desires to take personal responsibilities. He examines the situation and determine how to increase the chance of winning a business situation 4. The stat ement, â€Å"a successful entrepreneur places the highest priority on getting a job completed†, is associated with: A. B.C. D. E. Commitment to work contract Concern for high quality of work Efficiency orientation Systematic planning Problem solving 5. Which of the following phases of creativity process involves discovery of the idea or solutions to the problems? A. B. C. D. E. Background or knowledge accumulation Incubation process Idea experience Evaluation and implementation None of the above  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 5 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 6. Which of the following is a source of innovation within the company or industry? A. B. C. D. E.Demographic change Incongruities New knowledge Change in consumer preference None of the above 7. Which of the following statements is TRUE about a partnership business? A. B. C. D. A partnership business is incorporated under the Companies Act 1965. A partnership business is incorporated under the Partnership Act 1961. A partnership business is incorporated under the Business Registration Act 1956. A partnership is a legal entity and its identity is separate from the identity of its members. E. The life span of a partnership business is not dependent upon the death or resignation of its members. . Which of the following statements about a private limited company is NOT TRUE? A. A private limited company can take legal action and face legal action under its own name. B. The life span of a private limited company depends upon the death or resignation of its members. C. The liabilities of the members in a private limited company are limited to the total shares contributed to the company's capital. D. A private limited company must have at least two members who are of Malaysian Nationalities. E. The company's shares cannot be transacted through the share market. 9.Which of the following statements is TRUE about a franchise business? A. A franchise is a product and/or service distribution system governed by a contract made between two parties i. e. the franchisor and the franchisee B. A product/trade name franchise is a system where the franchisee acquires sales right which includes the trade name, trademark, and/or products from the franchisor upon the signing of the dealership contract. C. A business format franchise is a system where the franchisee is granted the right to manufacture and market the franchisor's product and/or services using a complete franchisor's business â€Å"set-up†.D. The franchisee is a person who purchases the right from the franchisee to operate the franchise. E. All of the above are true. 10. Which of the entrepreneurs? A. B. C. D. E. following ministries/agencies provides financial assistance for Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA) Malaysian External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE) Malaysian Entrepreneurship Development Centre (MEDEC) Perbadanan Usahawan Nasional Berhad (PUNB). Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) CONFIDENTIAL  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL 6 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 1. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? A. Construction of buildings can only be undertaken with the written approval from Local Authority. B. In setting up a manufacturing business, a planning permission from Local Authority is needed. C. All business licences related to factory premises, advertising signage, storage and canteen must be obtained from Local Authority. D. The environmental control and approval are under the responsibility of Local Authority. E. All of the above are not true. 12. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about a business plan? A.A business plan is a written document that describes the proposed business or project in a comprehensive manner. B. A business plan can be used as a basis for determining the viability of the new business. C. A business plan can be used as a communication tool to convince potential investor s of the viability of the new venture. D. A business plan enables the entrepreneur to distribute business resources more effectively. E. A business plan enables the entrepreneur to evaluate and select a viable business idea. 13. Readers of a business plan include: I. II. III. IV. A. B. C. D. E.Employees Investors Suppliers Registrar of Companies II only II and III only I, II and III only I, II, and IV only All of the above 14. Which of the following is an objective of preparing a marketing plan? A. B. C. D. E. To evaluate market acceptance To develop marketing strategies for products or services offered by the business. To identify required resources to execute the marketing strategy. To estimate financial requirements for the marketing activities. All of the above are objectives of preparing a marketing plan.  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 7 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 5. The following factors should be considered when determining distribution stra tegy, EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E. Type of product Target market Market share Market coverage. Product standardization 16. Which of the following information should be included in the â€Å"organization† aspect of the business plan? A. Background of the registered owners of the business including their relevant qualifications, skills, experiences, role in business and stake or share in the business. B. Mission statements which describe how entrepreneurs will achieve their purposes in the environments in which they conduct business.C. Nature of the industry, including economic trends, important legal or regulatory issues, and potential risks. D. Product characteristics, distribution, promotion, and pricing strategies. E. Amount of funds needed to run the business, amount available, and amount requested from new sources. 17. Which of the following factors should be considered when choosing suppliers for raw materials? A. B. C. D. E. Quality of the materials supplied Price and discoun t offered Payment and delivery terms Time between orders and delivery All of the above factors should be considered 18.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about a process chart? A. Symbols used in the process chart can also be used in a Job Activity Chart of a worker. B. Process Chart will show the sequence of activities required to produce the product or services. C. In a process chart, â€Å"delay† means the process is delayed because the materials-inprocess are waiting for the next activity. D. The symbol † V † indicates the movement of materials or goods from one place to another. E. The first step in preparing a process chart is to identify all the activities involved to manufacture the product or deliver the services. Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 8 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 19. Which of the following statement is TRUE? A. Sources of finance refers to the sources where funds to finance a particular project implementa tion costs can be obtained. B. Internal sources of finance mainly come in the form of cash contributions or other assets from the entrepreneurs. C. External sources of finance are mainly derived from commercial banks, finance companies and government agencies. D. External sources of finance may come in the form of term loans, hire purchase or grants. E. All of the above are true. 0. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Pro forma income statement refers to the projected statement of cash inflow and outflow throughout the planned period. B. Pro forma income statement shows the expected profit or loss for the planned period. C. Pro forma income statement shows the financial position of the business at a specific point in time in terms of assets owned and how those assets are financed. D. Pro forma income statement shows the beginning and ending cash balances for a particular period. E. All of the above are true. (40 marks)  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARACONFIDENTIAL C ONFIDENTIAL 9 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PARTC QUESTION 1 Briefly explain five (5) of the personal entrepreneurial competencies (PEC) associated with successful entrepreneurs. (5 marks) QUESTION 2 What are the criteria used to evaluate and select viable entrepreneurial opportunities? (5 marks) QUESTION 3 What are the factors that you need to consider when choosing a location for your business? (5 marks) QUESTION 4 In preparing the organization plan, it is important include the organization structure of the business organization. Briefly explain the various types of organizational structure. 5 marks) QUESTION 5 Briefly discuss the importance of preparing financial plan. (5 marks)  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 10 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PARTD QUESTION 1 Define the term â€Å"entrepreneurial motivation†. Discuss, with examples, five (5) common characteristics of achievement-oriented entrepreneurs. (20 marks) QUESTION 2 Explain the importance of materials requirement planning. Describe the steps involved in materials requirement planning process. (20 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL

Legal

Legal Ethics is an important part of the field of nursing; it concerns moral aspects of people behavior and attitudes. As practice shows, there are often ethical dilemmas related to personal responsibilities and freedoms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Legal-Ethical Issues Affecting Patient Rights for the Elderly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Every patient has their legal rights and every nurse practitioner is to respect those rights regardless of gender and age of the patient (Kapp, 2000). It is important that elderly patients and their loved ones be aware of the ethical issues that may arise and be ready to cope with them. Healthcare professionals working with the elderly face complex situations related to many legal and ethical issues. The moral and legal standards for people caring for the elderly remain critical for ensuring that older persons access quality services. Ethical issues are a commonplace in our modern society. People who respect moral issues are frequently confronted with situations requiring them to make ethical choices. It is a commonplace to find some people confronted with ethical dilemmas (Kapp, 2000). Older adults are frequently more susceptible to those than the average people are. The people who are trusted to care for the older adults sometimes take advantage of the older person’s condition for different reasons (Tabloski, 2010). The legal and ethical issues that affect patient rights of the elderly include confidentiality, informed consent, relationships, and medical code. Confidentiality is one of the legal and moral issues that affect the patients rights for the elderly. Healthcare professionals should normally keep details about their elderly clients confidential. They should show respect for the autonomy of their elderly clients. Disclosing information about patients is legally and morally incorrect (Tabloski, 2010). However, healthcare professionals are som etimes confronted with the legal and ethical dilemma of having to release information about their patients to the family members. Healthcare malpractice is also both a legal and moral issue that affects the patient rights for the elderly (Pozgar, 2010). The professionals who offer healthcare services to older persons must always put safety and health of their clients first. Injuries related to medical processes, the use of faulty equipment or medicine, and deliberate acts that cause harm to the elderly have both legal and moral consequences (Kapp, 2000). Healthcare professionals practice defensive medicine to avoid litigations from the family members of their elderly patients who may allege negligence.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The law protects the concept of informed consent in healthcare profession because it is both a legal and moral issue. All patients must give consent to permit treatment to take place (Pozgar, 2010). However, informed consent presents many challenges for healthcare professionals who work with the elderly because it has serious legal and moral implications. Sometimes the elderly cannot give consent to sanction their treatment because they may be too weak. The elderly person, who requires surgery but cannot offer consent, presents the healthcare professionals with serious dilemmas (Kapp, 2000). When treating an elderly person, doctors face potential dilemma between morality and the law. The kind of relationship that healthcare professionals can have with their elderly clients can have legal and moral implications in relation to patient rights for the elderly (Kapp, 2000). Associating with the elderly clients is protected by the medical code of ethics. Healthcare professionals who violate the ethical codes with their elderly clients face the risk of being disqualified from the roll of practitioners. The Purpose of Advan ced Directives If a serious medical condition does not allow people to take decisions regarding their treatment, this responsibility goes to the patients relatives. If there are no relatives, the physician or the hospital can fall responsible for your further treatment. However, preparing An Advance Directive is a way to predict such a situation and make sure that only you will be responsible for your end of life treatment. The Advance Directive will provide guidance to those responsible for the patients treatment when he/she is unable to make decisions independently. Advance Directives entail the legal papers where people spell out their decisions in relation to the end of life healthcare services in advance. The fundamental reason why people draw advance directives is to ensure that they can access the specific treatment they want, as well as refuse healthcare services they do not want. (Tabloski, 2010).  . It is significant in reducing confusion during the end of life healthcar e provision. Advance directives are a commonplace in the elderly healthcare service delivery. (Tabloski, 2010). The application of advance directives remains crucial to the provision of quality healthcare to the elderly. The notable issues that advance directives cover include the application of breathing machines to prolong the life of older persons. The elderly can also spell out whether they would permit healthcare professionals to perform resuscitation procedure on them should they face breathing problems. Furthermore, the elderly can declare whether they would permit maintenance of their life using tube feeding (Tabloski, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Legal-Ethical Issues Affecting Patient Rights for the Elderly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is notable that sometimes healthcare professionals make decisions to ignore advance directives drafted by the elderly. This is a commonplace in scenarios whe re doctors consider such directives irrelevant based on their moral standards. It is also possible for doctors to refuse directives because of misinterpretation of the law and inconsistencies associated with moral consciences and professional responsibilities (Rai Rai, 2009). It is advisable that elderly people share their advance directives with their doctors to get opinion on whether they can accept their proposals. Advance directives also allow the elderly to choose their medical proxies who can make treatment decisions on their behalf. The individual selected as a medical proxy enjoys the durable power of attorney for healthcare because they can make decisions on behalf of the elderly (Rai Rai, 2009). Medical proxies can only have the power to make such decisions after the doctors have declared that the elderly person cannot make treatment choices on their own. Advance directives contain various advantages. The document is significant as it shows the direction people would wan t their treatment to take. Healthcare professionals can determine the road according to the thoughts and ideas about death and treatment choices made by the person drawing the directive. The fact that people have varying values and beliefs is also considered during drafting of the directives. Elderly people can lose decision-making ability when they become seriously ill (Swota, 2009). Therefore, the directive is the only way they can maintain control of their treatment desires and options during the time when they are less competent and conscious. The document also reduces stress and misunderstanding among family members in relation to their varying decisions on appropriate treatment and care for their older person (Swota, 2009). The document is critical for enabling family members, who may undergo emotional breakdown during such times, find easy ways of handling their decision-making challenges in relation to their sick family member. References Kapp, M. B. (2000).  Geriatrics an d the law: Understanding patient rights and professional responsibilities. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Co.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pozgar, G. D. (2010).  Legal and ethical issues for health professionals. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Rai, G. S., Rai, G. S. (2009).  Medical ethics and the elderly. Oxford: Radcliffe Pub. Swota, A. H. (2009).  Culture, ethics, and advance care planning. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Tabloski, P. (2010). Gerontological Nursing (2nd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson  Health Science.

L Words in English

L Words in English L Words in English L Words in English By Maeve Maddox One topic on language certain to stir passions is the pronunciation of â€Å"l words† like salmon, almond, palm, and psalm. Charles Elster in his Big Book of Beastly Pronunciations submits reluctantly and ungraciously to the fact that a great many educated English speakers pronounce the â€Å"l† in almond: With so many accepted pronunciations of the word, common sense dictates that the prudent orthoepist, like the circumspect politician, refrain from issuing a dictum and instead defer to regional and personal preference–in common parlance, go with the flow. orthoepist: An expert in orthoepy; a person who studies the pronunciation of words Elster nevertheless maintains that his personal preference, is, well, preferable, pointing out that all of his sources list the AH-mund pronunciation first. He does not budge on alms, balm, calm, palm, psalm, qualm, and salmon, insisting that to pronounce the â€Å"l† in any of these words is â€Å"beastly.† Both the OED and M-W list the silent â€Å"l† as the first pronunciation and the â€Å"l† pronunciation as a variant for the following words: alms, palm, psalm, and qualm. OED gives only the silent â€Å"l† pronunciation for salmon, balm, and calm. M-W lists both pronunciations for balm and calm, but only the silent â€Å"l† pronunciation for salmon. Another â€Å"l† word, solder, â€Å"a fusible metallic alloy used for uniting metal surfaces or parts,† is pronounced SOD-er in American English, but SOLE-der in British English. Most of these words had their problematic l’s inserted in the 15th and 16th centuries when scholars thought it important to make words resemble their Latin originals. Salmon, for example, entered English without the l: samoun. Its Latin original was salmon. The â€Å"l† was â€Å"restored,† but the pronunciation did not change. Some other words with â€Å"restored l’s† that no one argues about are: fault, vault, cauldron, and soldier. As far as I’m aware, nobody tries to pronounce them without the â€Å"l.† (In standard English, that is. Caudron still exists in Scots dialect.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Hyper and HypoEspecially vs. Specially

Is the Banana Republic Credit Card Right For You Full Review

Is the Banana Republic Credit Card Right For You Full Review SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The Banana Republic credit card is a solid option for frequent shoppers looking to earn points, but like many store brand cards, it’s not without it’s pitfalls. You may be wondering: what are the pros and cons of the Banana Republic credit card? Do I have to be a frequent shopper at Banana Republic to reap any benefits? What do users say about this card, and how does it stack up against similar cards? Is this card right for me? In this post, we’ll answer all these questions and more, doing an in-depth review of the Banana Republic credit card so you can make a fully informed decision about whether or not to apply. What Is the Banana Republic Credit Card? First, let’s discuss the basics. Banana Republic is one of the brands under the Gap, Inc. umbrella, which also includes The Gap, Old Navy, and Athleta. There are technically two Banana Republic cards: the Bananacard and the Banana Republic Visa Card. When you sign up, depending on your credit, you'll be given one of them. If you have poor to limited credit, you’ll be given the Bananacard. The Bananacard is a basic store card. A store card works like a credit card except it can only be used at the brand or umbrella brands that issues it. It won’t work if you try to use it to purchase anything anywhere else. So the Bananacard can only be used in-store or at any of the other Gap Inc. brands. If you have good credit, you’ll be given the the Banana Republic card. The Banana Republic card is an actual Visa credit card, so it can be used at any of those stores but also be anywhere else Visa is accepted. It’s a chip card with standard fraud protection services, and the primary cardholder can add an authorized user. Regardless of the card you get, you will receive 20% off your first purchase at any Gap, Inc. store by signing up. In this post, we will focus on the Banana Republic Visa card and its upgrade, the Banana Republic Luxe card. If you love to shop at BR, this could be a great card for you- but there are a few caveats! What Are the Banana Republic Credit Card Features and Rewards? As stated above, when you open a Banana Republic Visa credit card, you will receive a 20% discount off the first purchase made with that card at a Gap-branded store. Beyond that, each purchase made by the credit card earns points. Cardholders receive: 3,000 bonus points (worth $30) when you make your first purchase outside the Gap, Inc. brands five points for every $1 spent at any Gap, Inc. brand, and one point for every $1 spent elsewhere. no annual fee for the card These points can be used on purchases made both online and in person. If you don’t use the points during the billing cycle you earn them in, they are rolled over into the next cycle for up to two years before they expire. In addition to points, cardholders also receive: access to exclusive sales and events throughout the year at Banana Republic and their factory stores birthday coupons every Tuesday, 10% off at every affiliated store except Banana Republic Signing up for email account updates will get you 500 bonus points, and opting in for paperless statements gets you another 500, for a fairly easy $10 back. One big benefit of the Banana Republic Visa card is the lack of an annual fee. The Banana Republic Luxe Upgrade If the cardholder meets certain criteria, they can upgrade to the Banana Republic Luxe card. These criteria are that the cardholder: must earn 5,000 reward points annually, ie, spend $1,000 or more with it per year, must keep the account in good standing, and must make the minimum payments due. Luxe Upgrade Benefits The Luxe card offers some additional benefits that the regular visa doesn’t, including: a quarterly bonus of 20% of the points earned that quarter (a three-month period, so four times a year), once per quarter, a choose-your-own-sale day in which triple the regular points (15 points per dollar spent or 15% back) are awarded, free three-to-five-day shipping of online purchases at any of the Gap, Inc. brands, and unlimited alterations of Banana Republic merchandise. You have to use your Banana Republic Luxe card at least once per year at a Gap, Inc. store to maintain Luxe status. There is no annual fee on the Luxe card either. Free shipping is a great perk of the Luxe card for online shoppers! What are the Downsides of the Banana Republic Visa Card? The Banana Republic Visa card does have several drawbacks. The biggest downside is that, like most store credit cards, there is a very high interest rate charged on Banana Republic Visa cards, and there’s no reduced rates initially. They have a 25.24% APR, which is actually even higher than the 23.88% average for store credit cards. This means that you absolutely shouldn’t hold a balance from month to month: you should pay off your balance in full each month to avoid very high fees. Secondly, it should be noted that the points do expire after twenty-four months. You also can’t redeem more than 25,000 points (up to $250) in a single billing period or more than three rewards earnings on any one purchase. Together, these limitations make it necessary to redeem your points very regularly in the small amounts allowed in order to maximize your benefits. They do this because this encourages more frequent shopping on your part! Moreover, there is a 3% foreign transaction fee, so this card would not be a good choice to use abroad. Another thing to consider is that some of the promotions and coupons that cardholders receive get â€Å"leaked† online, so you can search for, find, and use the codes pretty easily via sites like Retailmenot. Finally, the card is issued by Synchrony Financial, and customer reviews for Synchrony aren’t that great. Many cardholders report confusing contract terms, slow response times when fixing statement inaccuracies, and bad customer service. However, it’s hard to find good reviews of any consumer financial services company, so take this with a grain of salt. Lots of people open store cards around the holidays to try and save money on gifts! The Bottom Line: Is the Banana Republic Card For Me? If you are a frequent or even a semi-frequent shopper at Banana Republic, Gap, Old Navy, Athleta, or any of the Gap, Inc. brands, this card has a very competitive rewards structure and would be a good choice for you. The 5% cash-back on all of their many brands combined with the lack of annual fee make it good for shoppers looking to save money. Plus, the free shipping and alterations for Luxe cardholders are an excellent perk. Families with children and parents who frequently the many Gap, Inc. brands will find this card especially helpful. However, you need to be able to pay the full balance on the statement every month. Otherwise, with its extremely high APR, it will become more expensive than it’s worth. If you rarely shop at Banana Republic, Gap, Old Navy, Athleta, or any of the Gap, Inc. brands, this card isn’t for you. The 1% points deal on all other purchases is only about average for a credit card, and you should be able to get better deals depending on where your money does go. Note that most retailer cards also have a high interest rate and no annual fee, so these perks won’t help you decide between store cards. But if you don’t shop at Gap, Inc. brands or any other one store or company that often, it’s a better idea to go for a more general credit card anyway, which often offer better financing options for those who need to carry a balance- especially considering that the "point" reward system will not be useful to you, since it's different from cash back. If you're thinking about getting the Gap visa card instead, note that the two cards are almost identical in terms of costs and benefits (very literally- the Gap card has the exact same rewards structure and it also applies to all Gap, Inc. brands). The only exception being on the first Tuesday of every month, Gap cardholders get 10% off at Gap.com and in Gap stores.

Major differences between NEC3 & JCT SBC 2011 Coursework

Major differences between NEC3 & JCT SBC 2011 - Coursework Example The provisional sum for the JCT SBC 2011 contract is not mandatory like the case of NEC3 contract. The project manager is usually at pains to decide whether to adopt the discrepancies manifest in cost estimation for a project. The variations negate the principle of cost control in NEC3 contracts. The variations also compromise the control of overall project cost. Moreover, the costs associated with compensation events are separate from the initial tender price. 3.  Cost scrutiny The cost scrutiny should be made mandatory for both contracts because this allows easy cost evaluation. The large number of firms usually involved in a single mega construction contract requires long-supply chains. This implies that the identification of the costs involved is hectic. Consequently, cost accounting for the project takes a long time. The administration of cost pertaining to the company system increases the overall contract price. Adjudication of the contract cases is mandatory.4.  Ground ris kThe ground risk for the JCT SBC 2011 is higher than in the case of NEC3 contract. Caution should be taken with regard to the productivity and improvement in performance of the contract projects. Project management should be emphasized in the application of NEC3 contract.In both cases, a comprehensive program must be prepared prior to the start of the project. The contract should focus on the contingence events rather than the past. Programming for the contract is essential. The complexity of the project task must also be highlighted.

How Free Should Speech Be Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How Free Should Speech Be - Essay Example Nat Hantoff writes, â€Å"But nowhere in the First Amendment does it say that freedom of speech is limited only to ideas and symbols that further freedom, dignity and nonviolence.† Freedom of speech remains the pivotal assurance for the American society given by the founders of the constitution. Freedom of speech is like the double-edged sword and it is the twice-blessed responsibility. It blesses the receiver and it blesses the giver. Often the authorities have to walk on the razor’s edge to enforce the provisions of the freedom of speech when interests and cross interests of the different communities are involved. As such it is necessary to understand the scope of the word ‘freedom’ in the correct perspective. Its connotation also varies from one area to another. Philosophical freedom includes the ability to make choices without limitations, while political freedom is the state of being free to practice the choice of one’s political philosophy. Nat Hantoff quotes Aryeh Neier, â€Å"As a Jew, and a refugee from Nazi Germany, I have strong personal reasons for finding the Nazis repugnant. Freedom of speech protects my right to denounce Nazis with all the vehemence I think proper. Despite my hatred of their vicious doctrine, I realize that it is in my interest to defend their right to preach it.† Many positive developments have taken place in the area of freedom of speech for an individual or for a group of individuals professing and practising identical ideals.

Thailand Baht Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thailand Baht - Essay Example The Thai government used a majority of their foreign reserves and bought the Thai Baht so as to give strength to its currency, people were selling Baht in mass numbers and this was further weakening the currency, this step of buying the Baht restored some much needed stability and financial order in the country. â€Å"It cost the Thai government $5 billion to defend the baht, which reduced its "officially reported" foreign exchange reserves to a two-year low of $33 billion. In addition, the Thai government raised key interest rates from 10 percent to 12.5 percent to make holding baht more attractive, but because this also raised corporate borrowing costs it exacerbated the debt crisis. What the world financial community did not know at this point, was that with the blessing of his superiors, a foreign exchange trader at the Thai central bank had locked up most of Thailands foreign exchange reserves in forward contracts.† (Competing in the Global Marketplace) After making several attempts to save the Baht the government of Thailand ran out of reserves and resources and finally accepted that the peg had become implausible to defend. They did make several efforts to save the Baht but they could not succeed. The Thai government had $1.14 billion in reserves and all of it was used and even then the currency could not be saved from a freefall. The government of Thailand made earnest several efforts to save the freefall of Thai Baht, the most important measure perhaps was buying the currency by using their foreign reserves, over a billion dollars were spent on purchasing the Thai Baht but even after spending all their foreign reserves the government fell short of idea and accepted their defeat. To conclude it is fair to say that the efforts were indubitably there but the Thai government got their strategy completely wrong and this is why the currency and the

Sociology Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology Paper - Essay Example In the reading, â€Å"making sense of the senseless: understanding genocide†, the authors begin with a statement that solidifies their greater purpose. That is, â€Å"all genocides are horrific, but not all genocides are the same. they can arise from cold-blooded calculations, realistic fears instincts for revenge, or ideologies of purification. understanding-and perhaps forestalling- genocide requires clear distinctions,† (Chirot & Edwards, p.406). A clear distinction to be made would be that, while genocide and the wars that come about are horrid, their root causes can differ to varying degrees, by what caused them in the first place. The inner meaning of the text, as written by Daniel Chirot and Jennifer Edwards, is to consider the frightening human atrocities of such events as the ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, as well as the extermination of the Jewish people during World War II, along with Rwanda, but to look at them through the means in which they were initiated. â€Å"The inevitable comparisons of these recent atrocities to those of the past, most notably the Holocaust, are highly controversial. Classifying an event as a genocide can be used to legitimate the claims of survivors or as justification for reprisals against perpetrators. Therefore, several questions about genocide should be considered: (1) How successful does an attempted â€Å"cleansing† of a group need to be to warrant classification as genocide? (2) Does a certain number or percentage of a population need to be killed? (3) Does the intent of the perpetrators make any difference? (4) Should the term genocide be reserved for the murder and expulsion of religious or ethnic minority groups or can political dissidents or enemies in war be victims of genocide?† (Chirot & Edwards, p.406). The subjective facts listed within the article would be the tendency of many to want to classify any form of

American Society and Culture in Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Society and Culture in Film - Essay Example It would not be a mistake to suggest that the course heavily relies on several concepts that are used to design a framework for a detailed analysis of the cinema. Thus, the concept of historical as well as industrial contexts is engaged in order to show the diachronic value of films. Ideology is a notion which is used to translate the messages that are being sent. A genre is an important term which defines the place of a movie in a general perspective. Cinematic codes shed light on the way actual scenes, the building units of movies, are created. Visual politics explain the content of messages that are conveyed by the movies. The first concept that will be analyzed in great detail is historical context of a movie. It is quite obvious that cinema should be regarded as one of the forms of art, in spite of the fact that it is rather young if compared to others. Nevertheless, the popularity of it is big and resulted in the fact that movies became â€Å"an alternative to such established pastimes as the music hall, vaudeville, professional sports, and the saloon† (Jarvie, 1997, 249). As one can easily see, out of the pastimes which were named in the quote above, only professional sports survived. This means that movies should not be regarded as some kind of senseless entertainment, but rather an important act of aesthetic interaction between various parts of society – the function which the above-mentioned pastimes used to fulfill. One would make no mistake suggesting that watching a movie may be regarded as a modern equivalent of listening to folklore stories since both engage a person in an aes thetic dialogue and teach a certain lesion. The only difference is the extent to which image is used. In addition to that, movies often were used as a means to convey important messages, for example, in the movie The Great Dictator the directors designed aesthetics in a way to reflect the contemporary situation in Nazi Germany. What is more important is that at the present moment there is a clear distinction between watching a movie and going to a cinema.

Sociology Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology Paper - Essay Example In the reading, â€Å"making sense of the senseless: understanding genocide†, the authors begin with a statement that solidifies their greater purpose. That is, â€Å"all genocides are horrific, but not all genocides are the same. they can arise from cold-blooded calculations, realistic fears instincts for revenge, or ideologies of purification. understanding-and perhaps forestalling- genocide requires clear distinctions,† (Chirot & Edwards, p.406). A clear distinction to be made would be that, while genocide and the wars that come about are horrid, their root causes can differ to varying degrees, by what caused them in the first place. The inner meaning of the text, as written by Daniel Chirot and Jennifer Edwards, is to consider the frightening human atrocities of such events as the ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, as well as the extermination of the Jewish people during World War II, along with Rwanda, but to look at them through the means in which they were initiated. â€Å"The inevitable comparisons of these recent atrocities to those of the past, most notably the Holocaust, are highly controversial. Classifying an event as a genocide can be used to legitimate the claims of survivors or as justification for reprisals against perpetrators. Therefore, several questions about genocide should be considered: (1) How successful does an attempted â€Å"cleansing† of a group need to be to warrant classification as genocide? (2) Does a certain number or percentage of a population need to be killed? (3) Does the intent of the perpetrators make any difference? (4) Should the term genocide be reserved for the murder and expulsion of religious or ethnic minority groups or can political dissidents or enemies in war be victims of genocide?† (Chirot & Edwards, p.406). The subjective facts listed within the article would be the tendency of many to want to classify any form of

Brahms Symphony N0. 2 1st Movement Research Paper

Brahms Symphony N0. 2 1st Movement - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the existing of social classes during the period could have also played a critical role in his desire to be a composer as opposed to a performer. As a composer, Brahms particularly wrote a number of symphonies, piano works and choral compositions among other pieces. However, his greatest pieces were primarily those based on symphonic and sonata styles. Brahms’s second Symphony was one of the most successful pieces of Brahms’ compositions. Compared to the nearly fifteen years it took Brahms to do his fist symphony, the composition of the second symphony was relatively brief since it only took one year to be completed (Frisch 68). The first movement sonata form which is also known as â€Å"allegro non troppo† begins with double bases and cellos. Without any introduction, the first movement opens just with a Basic motive. The Basic motive generally assumes diverse rhythmic shapes and is gradually shifted to the other measures in order to effective ly pervade the movement. In the Allegro non troppo, the double bases art and the cellos begin the initial movement in a sonata form. Although the composition has no separate tempo designation, the opening movement initializes with a slow introductory section those thematic composition keeps on repeating itself frequently. The tranquil mood is overtaken by introduction of the horns as the standard theme. After around every 50bars the lively main theme that is particularly marked to be played gently and sweetly (dolce) is slowly introduced with the first violin sounds followed by marked cantando in the cellos. Johannes preserved almost every aspect of the structural principles based on the classical masterpiece. In this musical composition the two lively external movements frame slows while the second movement is overtaken by a slightly shorter scherzo. A number of musical frame works in the concerto No. 2 1st movement makes this musical flow fabulous. For instance, Brahms bases most of his movements in this concerto on a melody he had formerly tranquil for the Wiegedlied Op.49 often referred to as the â€Å"Brahms’s lullaby†. In the symphony No.2 1st movement, Brahms’s tune introduces an 82 bar and is continually brought back into existence, re-shaped and restructured both harmonically and rhythmically. In addition, Brahms has also effectively developed the section in a more unique instrumental join that gradually progresses into a full bodied forte in between bar 57 and 58. Much like was in his first symphony, Brahms ha a primarily used simple unifying motive in the first movement of his second symphony. For example the two main unifying motives in the first movement include a half note that is followed with a quarter note and an interval above or below the 1st and 3rd notes (MacDonald 98). As the first movement gradually progresses, the two motives increasingly become more altered, embellished and enterwined. However, these modifications are carefully juxtaposed against the original motives in order to provide a sense of continuity and preserve the fluidity of the piece. For example, in some cases, the second motive occasionally undergoes tonal mutation and transforms into a series of flowing octaves. This is particularly evident in measures between 21 and 28. On second Codetta in the first move

Roe Vs. Wade Essay Example for Free

Roe Vs. Wade Essay Roe v. Wade is a United States Supreme Court case in the year 1973 that resulted in a landmark verdict regarding abortion. According to the Roe decision, most laws against abortion in the United States violated one of the most important fundamental constitutional right – right to privacy. The verdict overturned all state and federal laws banning or restricting abortion that were found to be incompatible or inconsistent with its holding. Roe Vs Wade case raised huge controversies. It is considered to be is one of the most controversial and politically significant cases in the history of U. S. Supreme Court. It gathered huge historical significance. The central verdict that came out of the Roe Vs Wade case made abortion permissible for any cause that a women shows, up until the point at which fetus becomes viable or potentially able to survive outside the mother’s womb. The Court’s verdict also permitted abortion after viability for those cases, where abortion becomes necessary to protect a woman’s health. The Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade was incorrect legally and constitutionally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Roe Vs Wade decision prompted huge debate on several issues regarding abortion on a national level. Debated issues include whether abortion should be illegal; if abortion is deemed to be illegal, then to what extent it should be illegal; who has the authority to decide whether or not abortion is illegal; what kind of methods the Supreme Court should use in constitutional settlement; and what should be the role of religious, or moral views in area of politics. Many people expressed their dissents on the verdict of Roe Vs Wade case. For example, associate justice Byron R. White gave vigorous dissenting opinion over the Court’s decision. What he suggested is that although one might agree with the court’s values and priorities, there is no constitutional justification for imposing such an order of priorities on the people and legislatures of the states.[1]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Roe Vs Wade has been criticized immensely on various grounds. One of the major criticisms is that inviolability and personhood have not been satisfactorily recognized. The argument of some of the pro- life supporter is that life begins the moment mother conceives, therefore, the fetus should be provided legal protection. Other pro-life supporter’s argument is that, when there is lack of exact knowledge of when life begins, the best thing to do is just to avoid the risk of doing harm. The decision is also criticized on the ground that the decision has no constitutional foundation. The supporters of the decision, however, challenge this criticism by arguing that the decision has a valid constitutional foundation, and the justification of it could be found in the constitution, not in the articles referenced in the decision. In spite of having been criticized so much against its decision, the Supreme Court, however, struck down numerous restraints on abortion imposed by states in a long series of cases stretching from the mid 1970s to the late of 1980’s. Legal basis of the criticism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Roe Vs Wade is more of a legal issue rather than a moral and religious one on the public ground, even if moral and religious values are strongly related to the question. Therefore, if Roe vs. Wade is to be defeated and revoked, it has to be examined on a solid juridical ground and have has to show that the decision has violated a basic legal principle, bound up in the Constitution of the United States. Therefore, a clear idea about the whole history of jurisprudence of America comes to our help in examining legal justification of the Roe Vs wade decision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The abortion issue, on legal ground, is not actually a right to life issue; it is in fact a right not-to-be-killed issue. The Right not-to-be-killed is part of a larger right- the right of dominion. It is the law of dominion that is the basis of all constitutional government states. The law states that as a human being, one has dominion over his or her total person, as well as the free exercise of that dominion, a right given to him by the very Law of Nature. This law guarantees the right to dominion in any constitutional state. The purpose of all human law is to protect this right, to defend it whenever denied or ignored by any action of government or someone else. When one talks about liberty, he or she actually speak of his or her freedom to the right of dominion over his or her person, in his or her beginnings as a human being and in those stages of human growth by which he or she emerges into the human community. A human being emerges in the human community by the process of conception, i.e. conception is the starting point of one’s existence in the human community. One person has dominion over his or her person from the very first moment of his or her existence, and in the initial stages of growth, when one cannot exercise that dominion by himself or herself, it is kept in trust by his or her parents and by the law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Roe vs. Wade, however, has given another human being, basically one’s mother, and rights over one’s personhood in the embryonic moment, a right that permits the termination of his or her existence. Roe vs. Wade has actually placed the right of dominion over the unborn human being in the hands of the mother, and it has been done under the claim of the right to privacy. Consequently, Roe Vs Wade decision has provided mothers with the right to destroy the life of the unborn. The right of dominion, however, belongs to a human being from the very first moment of his or her existence as mentioned earlier. The function of law and the parent is only to protect this right. That is the bottom line of the legal challenge to Roe vs. Wade. The Supreme Court gave its verdict unlawfully in granting to a woman the right of dominion over her unborn child. That dominion belongs lawfully only to the unborn child.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Embryonic Law, then, has been set up upon the Law of Dominion, the basic law of every Western system of jurisprudence and this Law states. This acts as the basis of any legal confrontation to Roe vs. Wade. It is on this ground that the debate over abortion takes place. The debate is not a Catholic or religious issue, but a human and legal one. Some viewpoints on Roe Vs Wade:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While some reporters and journalists may argue that abortion has not been identified as murder by the law and therefore such an opinion is entirely based on the fact that whatever court decides is to be accepted or taken for granted and that is the sole law. According to Frank Morriss, â€Å"It is the same philosophy that dominates the present U.S. Supreme Court, and contradicts the philosophy that declares that all men possess certain unalienable rights given by their Creator.†[2]   Morriss also argues as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"What is democratic about the majority of a nine-person court declaring the killing of the unborn not to be murder, or in fact not to be illegal in any way at all? Those in authority being answerable to nothing but their own intellects and will is not democratic; it is a dictatorship of the arbitrary. Mere opinion, whether that of a legislature, or the majority of a court bench, or in fact of the populace as a whole cannot determine right or wrong, truth or nontruth, justice or injustice.†[3]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some views, as upheld by Stevens Clifford says that the verdict was one sided –â€Å"The abortion issue is a national dispute, a dispute between those who oppose abortion and the members of the NARAL, the National Organization of Women and Planned Parenthood. At this point in adjudicating the dispute, only one side of the issue has really been heard, the views of those who support abortion. The only history of the question that has been examined, or even aired, is the history of the abortion laws, with an erroneous conclusion drawn from those laws.†   Ã‚  Ã‚   The annual March for Life rally in January 2008 took place stood against the least restrictive abortion laws of the Supreme Court. According to the President of the rally, Nellie Gray, referred to the judgment as the genocide pre-born and said, â€Å"We have a genocide because, after 35 years, it’s estimated that 48 million pre-born children have been killed†¦ So we’re coming together at the nation’s capital once more to petition Congress to enact legislation to stop the genocide here.[4] However the establishment media does not talk much about these marches.   Ã‚  Ã‚   After the verdict on the Roe v Wade case, the federal court has not decided in favor of pro-life friendly decisions and such decisions have been ‘virtually nonexistent’. John A. Boehner, representative of Ohio and the minority leader of Republican House commented, â€Å"I applaud the court for its ruling today. My hope is that it sets the stage for further progress in the fight to ensure our nations laws respect the sanctity of unborn human life.[5] Analysis of Catholics’ standpoint:   Ã‚  Ã‚   From the very moment of its initiation, it was subject to many controversies. This controversy or debate led to the evolution of two groups, namely, pro choice and pro life. The pro-choice movement extended huge support to abortion and regards that it is morally permissible. On the other hand, the pro-life movement denies the access to abortion and regards it as morally wrong. Over the time both the movement gathered their supporters and often move to the court to attain legal approval. Following these two movements even the world seems to be divided into two groups. For instance, in Canada, abortion is permissible while in Nicaragua it is strictly illegal. Some of the nations even took a midway like USA where abortion is legal but it is constrained by certain restrictions as well as certain circumstances. Though the debate on abortion encompasses issues on political consensus, infiltration of privacy, religious and ethical issues. However the ethical debate on the permissibility of abortion has been most important with most number of opposite thinkers.   Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Natural Law, five primary precepts and corresponding secondary precepts may be drawn. Abortion is not supported by two of the primary postulates Continuation of human species through reproduction (implies no abortion, contraception or homosexuality) and self preservation and preservation of the innocent (implies no abortion).[6] On the basis of Kant’s deontological moral theory it may be claimed that a person should act according to his or her duty irrespective of the consequences. In this case, we may therefore say that it is the mother’s duty to give birth to the child irrespective of what consequences she might have to endure. Thus, sticking to her duty the mother should not deviate from childbirth and hence should avoid abortion.[7] This would certainly support he Catholics’ standpoint and their activities and involvement are appreciable in dealing with the case of abortion. Their activities have brought about mass awareness and at least those who are true to their religion and roots shall certainly be averse to abortion and also assist the Catholics in their sincere efforts. Although some of the Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle commended abortion, the Pythagoreans criticized it and the clause of the Hippocratic Oath would help support it. The Oath states: â€Å"I will give no deadly medicine to anyone if asked, nor suggest any such counsel; and in like manner I will not give to a woman a pessary to produce abortion† and â€Å"I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly, I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy.†[8]   Ã‚  Ã‚   The court argued on the basis of the term ‘person’ used in the 14th constitutional amendment. This may be stated as follows: â€Å"All this, together with our observation, supra, that throughout the major portion of the 19th century prevailing legal abortion practices were far freer than they are today, persuades us that the word â€Å"person,† as used in the Fourteenth Amendment, does not include the unborn.†[9]   Ã‚  Ã‚   Interestingly, if we agree with Warren’s definition of personhood then we have to disqualify two kinds of born human beings as ‘person’, namely, reversibly comatose patients and human infants. Both of them, like fetus are bereft of any of the characteristics mentioned by Warren. Warren moves further to justify her claim when she justifies even infanticide as morally acceptable under certain circumstances such as severe physical disability or in order to save the lives of a group of other infants.[10] At this point it is clear that Warren is suffering from severe complexities coming out of her thoughts. First of all, if the patients in coma especially those who are reversible, may come back to normal life as it has been seen in several medical case histories. Then, justifying his death will be the other name of killing. Miracle does happen and it is not that rare to ignore. In America, a patient in coma responded after more than 30 years. If he had denied the right to life at the very moment when he underwent the coma, then it would be denying life a chance to prove itself that it is stronger than death. Similarly, with the enormous advancement of medical science, even most severe of the physical disabilities can be cured or a supportive system can be provided so that the concerned infant, even with his disabilities, can perform most of the normal works. In a very recent issue in India, a two-year-old girl child who was attached with a parasitic twin underwent a twenty-seven hour operation to be freed from her additional outgrowths and after the operation, she is alive and seems to be behaving normally. Following Warren, if she would have been provided with a â€Å"justified medical death sentence† even with the consent of her parents, it could not be termed anything less than killing. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abortion can never be morally acceptable and it may be termed as the other name of killing. However, under certain circumstances abortion is a necessity. Therefore we may say that the decision of the Supreme Court is both legally and constitutionally incorrect. Often, after conceiving due to several complexities, the condition of the mother’s health deteriorates to that extent that moving forward with that pregnancy may only result in the death of the pregnant woman. In such a case an abortion could save the life of that woman. In case of forced pregnancy that may be out of rape, the woman must be given the liberty to choose abortion as she has been forced to carry that baby. In conclusion, we may say that a fetus is a seed of life, yet to flourish and see the lights of the sun. It has not come at its own will and the people involved knew at some point that it might happen. We cannot offer life and so we do not have the right to take it away. Moral or ethical justification of abortion seems to be a ‘Reverie of Poor Susan’ that can never be accepted under any justification. The catholic protests and the rallies have succeeded to some extent in awakening the consciousness of the media and the mass.    References 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Abortion and Ethical Theory† (2008), retrieved on May 29, 2008, from: http://www.tutor2u.net/newsmanager/templates/?a=775z=62 Clifford, S. (2008) â€Å"ROE v. WADE: the Catholic Dilemma†, retrieved on May 29, 2008 from: http://www.priestsforlife.org/government/stevens4.htm Clifford, S. (2008) â€Å"The Rights Of The Unborn†, retrieved on March 24, 2008 from: http://www.priestsforlife.org/government/therightsoftheunborn.htm#basis Mass, W. (2007), â€Å"Supreme Court Upholds Partial-Birth Abortion Ban†, retrieved on May 29, 2008 from: http://thenewamerican.com/node/3526 Morriss, F.(2008) â€Å"Court Rulings Cannot Negate the Law of God†, retrieved on May 29, 2008 from: http://www.catholicculture.org/library/view.cfm?recnum=3122 Newman, A.(2008) â€Å"March for Life in D.C. Gets little Media Coverage†, The New American, retrieved on May 29, 2008 from: http://thenewamerican.com/node/6955   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Supplemental Notes on Kant†, (1999), retrieved on March 25, 2008 from: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/ebarnes/205/205-sup-kant.htm Sungenis, R.A. (1993) â€Å"Abortion: The Reasons We Should be Against It: A Critique of the 1973 Supreme Court Decision, Catholic Apologetics International†, retrieved on March 25, 2008 from: http://www.catholicintl.com/epologetics/articles/pastoral/1973.htm â€Å"U.S. Supreme Court: Doe V. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179† (1973), Find Law, retrieved on March 24, 2008 from: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=USvol=410invol=179 Warren, M.A. (1973), â€Å"On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion†. Thomas A. Mappes, David DeGrazia Biomedical Ethics, McGraw-Hill [1] â€Å"U.S. Supreme Court: Doe V. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973)†, Find Law, http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=USvol=410invol=179 (March 24, 2008) [2] Morriss, Frank. â€Å"Court Rulings Cannot Negate the Law of God†, 2008, http://www.catholicculture.org/library/view.cfm?recnum=3122 (March 24, 2008) [3] Morriss, Frank. â€Å"Court Rulings Cannot Negate the Law of God†, 2008, http://www.catholicculture.org/library/view.cfm?recnum=3122 (March 24, 2008) [4] Newman, Alex. â€Å"March for Life in D.C. Gets little Media Coverage†, The New American, 2008, http://thenewamerican.com/node/6955 (March 24, 2008) [5] Mass, Warren, â€Å"Supreme Court Upholds Partial-Birth Abortion Ban†, retrieved on March 24, 2008 from: http://thenewamerican.com/node/3526 [6] â€Å"Abortion and Ethical Theory†, http://www.tutor2u.net/newsmanager/templates/?a=775z=62 (March 24, 2008) [7] Supplemental Notes on Kant, 1999, http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/ebarnes/205/205-sup-kant.htm (March 24, 2008) [8] Sungenis, Robert A. Abortion: The Reasons We Should be Against It: A Critique of the 1973 Supreme Court Decision, Catholic Apologetics International, 1993, http://www.catholicintl.com/epologetics/articles/pastoral/1973.htm (March 25, 2008) [9] Sungenis, Robert A. Abortion: The Reasons We Should be Against It: A Critique of the 1973 Supreme Court Decision, Catholic Apologetics International, 1993, http://www.catholicintl.com/epologetics/articles/pastoral/1973.htm (March 25, 2008) [10] Warren, Mary Ann, â€Å"On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion†. Thomas A. Mappes, David DeGrazia Biomedical Ethics, McGraw-Hill, 1973.

Business Strategies Of Mc Donalds Marketing Essay

Business Strategies Of Mc Donalds Marketing Essay The main objective of a business strategy is to provide superior value, differentiation, and core competencies for a company that has clear missions, goals and objectives that are important and necessary to the strategic formulation of a company. The mission is a quality definition of who the company is and what it expects to accomplish, further defined by goals and objectives. Goals are directly linked with the mission and are general statements of desirable outcomes. Objectives are goals or purpose with specific targets and time periods. We will further discuss in detail of how these missions, goals and objectives are so important in the formulation of Business strategy. Strategic management The way in which employees are managed to maximize the potential of achieving business objectives is called Strategic Management. It has a very positive impact on a business and can significantly improve its growth only if Strategic management is effectively used. It is all about formulating strategies and the key to making it work for the business. McDonalds McDonalds is the leading global foodservice retailer with more than 31,000 local restaurants serving more than 58 million people in 118 countries each day. More than 75% of McDonalds restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent local men and women primarily selling the world some of its favorite foods World Famous Fries, Hamburgers (Big Mac, Quarter Pounder, etc), Chicken McNuggets, Egg McMuffin, milkshakes, hot drinks, desserts and most recently also offer salads and fruits. Their rich history began with our founder, Ray Kroc. The strong foundation that he built continues today with McDonalds vision and the commitment of our talented executives to keep the shine on McDonalds Arches for years to come. The History of McDonalds The McDonalds restaurant chain of today began its humble beginnings in a renovated barbecue car-hop restaurant in San Bernardino, California by two brothers, Richard and Maurice McDonald. Dick and Mac left their Manchester, New Hampshire home and headed to California for work after graduating from high school. Mac and Dick borrowed $5000.00 and opened a barbecue drive-in close to a high school in 1940. They hired attractive carhops and offered a menu of 29 items. Business boomed. Families came for the low prices and teens came to check out the carhops. By 1947, the restaurant was losing business. Families were getting more concerned about their finances and the teens seemed to be more interested in hanging out than in purchasing food. Dick and Mac took notice of these changes in clientele and noticed hamburgers made up 80% of all food sales. They decided to close the restaurant and reorganize. The restaurant was reopened in mid December of 1948 as the first self-service, assembly line, and drive-in offering 15 cent hamburgers, 19 cent cheeseburgers, 20 cent malts and 10 cent fries. By 1952 the business was booming. The brothers had purchased 8 mixers for their milkshake production and ordered two more. This purchase caught the attention of the owner of the Multi-mixer, Ray Kroc and changed the history of McDonalds. Ray noticed that this hamburger stand continued purchasing from him and he decided to go check it out. Ray was very impressed with the McDonald brothers self service concept and their booming business that now included a few franchises. He made a proposal to expand their business across the country with himself supplying the Multi-mixers. The brothers were not interested in becoming so large but did agree to give him exclusive rights to the McDonald system. Kroc opened his first franchise in Des Plaines, Chicago in 1955 and subsequently sold 18 more in the first year. He collected 1.9% of gross sales and turned in 0.5% of that to the McDonald brothers. He was barely breaking even in this arrangement, until he met Harry Sonnenborne, who encouraged him to lease or purchase the property for all future McDonald franchises. The operators would pay him either a monthly rent or percentage of their gross sales, whichever was greater. Kroc created a 75 page manual outlining the specifics of running a McDonalds to ensure all restaurants had the same cleanliness standards, the same amount of meat in each hamburger, the specifics for cutting and preparing French fries. The McDonald brothers resisted these changes and many arguments ensued. In 1960, Ray Kroc convinced Dick and Mac McDonald to sell the legal rights to him for 2.7 million dollars. At the time of this transaction, the chain had more than 200 restaurants. In 1990, after public outcry concerning cholesterol, McDonalds switched from beef tallow to pure vegetable oil in their french-fries. In 2006, McDonalds began a design Forever Young in all their restaurants using the traditional yellow and red colors and adding olive and sage, using more brick and wood with less plastic. With the vision of two brothers and the marketing strategy of one high school drop out, McDonald Corporation has grown to be the favorite fast food restaurant to millions of customers in more than 100 countries around the world. Business Goals, Objectives and Mission McDonalds S.M.A.R.T objectives Market share objectives Market share can be achieved within a specified period of time if objectives are set accurately Increasing profits objective is to increase profits or percentage of sales for a certain period of time. Survive Current/present hard times the business is in. Growth Business objectives may state growth by 15% year on year for the next 5 years ahead. Increasing brand awareness over a certain period of time. Mission Statement A mission statement is a brief and to point representation of a company or organizations purpose for existence. It is a formal document that states the objectives of a company or organization addressing concept like moral/ethical position of the company, public image, target market, etc. McDonalds Aims and Objectives Having great concerns bout the organizations customers. Being socially responsible for the companys welfare. Serving high standard and quality food with quick and outstanding service all along with great value for money. Maintain a good and friendly environment. McDonalds vision is to be the worlds best quick service restaurant experience. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness, and value, so that we make every customer in every restaurant smile. McDonalds is known through out the world for their commitment to inclusion and diversity not only with their employees but with their franchises and suppliers. Core Objectives of McDonalds The core objective and mission of McDonalds is to be the worlds premier consumer product organization mainly focusing on convenient fast foods. They practice producing financial rewards to their investors hence providing opportunities for growth and enrichment for their employees, business partners and for the communities in which they operate. They strive for Honesty, Fairness and integrity in everything they do. McDonalds responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which they operate   environment, social, economic   creating a better tomorrow than today. Their main vision is put into action by a series of programs focusing on environmental stewardship, activities to benefit society and their commitment to building shareholder value by making McDonalds a truly sustainable company. Values and Principles of McDonalds. Core value is customer experience McDonalds is alive because of their customers and they demonstrate their appreciation by providing them with high quality products and services in a clean and welcoming environment, with great value for their money. Commitment to their people the key to their continuous success is them providing opportunity, nurture talent, developing leaders and reward achievement. Through their experience they believe that a team of well trained individuals with diverse backgrounds and experiences, working together in an environment that fosters respect and drives high levels of engagement. Believing in the McDonalds system their foundation is based on their business model depicted by the three-legged stool of owner/operators, suppliers and the employees and their balance of interest among the three group is key. Operation of business ethically At McDonalds, business is run to high standards of fairness, honesty and integrity, individually being accountable and collectively responsible. Giving back to their communities They help their customers build better communities, support Ronald McDonald House Charities, scope and resources to help make the world a better place. Growing the business profitably As McDonalds is a publicly traded company, they work continuously to provide sustained profitable growth for their shareholders. Continuously striving to improve Through constant evolution and innovation, McDonalds aims to anticipate and respond to changing customer, employee and system needs. Stakeholder Analysis It is a technique adopted by organizations, used to identify and assess the importance of key people, groups of people, or institutions that may significantly influence the success of their activities or projects. This technique can either be used alone or with team members involved. Significance of a Stakeholder Analysis.